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Adam Davidson of the New York Times Magazine sat down with former Bain Capital managing director and Romney supporter Edward Conard for an open discussion about how the latter believes the 1% getting richer is better for all Americans. Conard seems to be living in a delusional bubble, but it’s a fascinating article. An excerpt:

“Nearly every economist I spoke with said that Conard has too much faith in the market’s ability to reward only those who create real value. Conard, for instance, insists that even the dodgiest financial products must have been beneficial or else nobody would have bought them in the first place. If a Wall Street trader or a corporate chief executive is filthy rich, Conard says that the merciless process of economic selection has assured that they have somehow benefited society. Even pro-market Romney supporters take issue with this. ‘Ed ought to be more concerned about crony capitalism,’ Hubbard told me.

Unintended Consequences ignores some of the most important economic work of the past few decades, about how power and politics influence economic growth. In technical language, this field is the study of ‘rent seeking,’ in which people or companies get rich because of their power, not because of their ideas. This is one of the few fields in economics in which left and right share many influences and ideas — namely that wealthy individuals and corporations are able to influence politicians and regulators to make seemingly insignificant changes to regulations that benefit themselves. In other words, to rig the game. One classic example is banking. Banks have enormous resources to constantly put explicit or subtle pressure on lawmakers and regulators so that regulation can eventually serve their interests.

Conard’s version of the financial crisis ignores much reporting and analysis — including work I’ve done with NPR’s Planet Money team — that shows that some of the nation’s largest banks actively manipulated customers and regulators and, sometimes, their own stockholders to profit from dangerous risk. And for many economists, rising inequality can create exactly the wrong outcomes for society over all. Rather than simply serving as an invitation for everybody to engage in potentially beneficial risk-taking, inequality can allow those with wealth to crush new ideas.”

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Digital information cannot be scratched or damaged, but it has a “shelf-life” all the same. And as new formats push out the old, what traces will remain? The Record-Vacuum, 1979:

From “The Call of the Future,” Tom Vanderbilt’s Wilson Quarterly piece about the potential and pitfalls of the Internet as a tool:

“As we start to understand how people actually use the Internet, the cyberutopian hopes of a borderless, postnational planet can look as naive as most past predictions that new technologies would transform societies. In 1912, radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi declared, ‘The coming of the wireless era will make war impossible, because it will make war ridiculous.’ Two years later a ridiculous war began, ultimately killing nine million Europeans.

While it’s easy to be dismissive of today’s Marconis—the pundits, experts, and enthusiasts who saw a rise in Internet connection leading to a rise in international understanding—that’s too simple and too cynical a response. Increased digital connection does not automatically lead to increased understanding. At the same time, there’s never been a tool as powerful as the Internet for building new ties (and maintaining existing ones) across distant borders.

The challenge for anyone who wants to decipher the mysteries of a connected age is to understand how the Internet does, and does not, connect us. Only then can we find ways to make online connection more common and more powerful.”

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Marconi demonstrates the wireless telegraph:

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Full, but not unruly. (Image by Prolineserver.)

Two questions from the excellent Ask Me Anything that Paul Krugman just did on Reddit, one about the cause of American income disparity and one about his fabulous beard:

[–]Ashoat 382 points  ago

I want to ask about your perspective on increasing wealth and income disparities. There a couple camps on this issue, and it seems that mainstream economists haven’t yet formed a consensus on the cause for this.

Greg Mankiw and others seem to believe that the main cause of increasing income and wealth inequality is a changing labor market that rewards and values high-skilled laborers more and more. Consequently, he argues that attempts at addressing income inequality issues should be heavily based on education reform.

On the other hand, you’ve made the point that a lot of the increases in income and wealth inequality come from shifting fiscal policies and government regulation. You seem to argue that decreased taxes on the rich and more lenient policies in regards to financial industry have resulted in an economy that unduly favors certain individuals. Sorry if I’m putting words in your mouth!

I have the following two questions:

  • Do you think any of the increased disparity has resulted from the shifting labor market?
  • Do you think it makes sense to focus efforts on improving higher education and increasing access to it?

[–]nytimeskrugman[S] 573 points  ago

Well, if you look at the Congressional Budget Office report from last fall, it shows that about half the rise in income inequality is accounted for by the divergence of the 1 percent from everyone else. That part is NOT about education and returns to skills — the next 19 have about as much education as the top 1, or if you prefer, hedge fund managers and high school teachers have roughly comparable education levels. So something else is driving at least half the rise in inequality, and probably more.

That doesn’t mean that market forces play no role, but it says that it’s nowhere close to the whole story, or even most of it — a point that people like Mankiw refuse to acknowledge.

By all means let’s expand access to higher education — but I’d say that the biggest reason to do that it is not so much to reverse inequality as to stop the ongoing decline in social mobility. Horatio Alger has left the building; it’s getting ever harder for Americans born into the lower half of the income distribution to move up. And more aid for college would help make climbing the ladder easier.

[–]lifeofquill 114 points  ago

How do you maintain such a lovely beard?

[–]nytimeskrugman[S] 140 points  ago

Shave around it every day, and get your wife to clip it fairly often.”

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From Katie Drummond at Wired: “According to Dmitry Itskov, a 31-year-old Russian media mogul, the U.S. military’s Avatar initiative doesn’t go nearly far enough. He’s got a massive, sci-fi-esque venture of his own that he hopes will put the Pentagon’s project to shame. Itskov’s plan: Construct robots that’ll (within 10 years, he hopes) actually store a human’s mind and keep that consciousness working. Forever.

‘This project is leading down the road to immortality,’ Itskov, who founded New Media Stars, a Russian company that runs several online news outlets, tells Danger Room. ‘A person with a perfect Avatar will be able to remain part of society. People don’t want to die.'”

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The opening of “Science Fiction No More,” Will Doig’s fascinating new Salon article about pop-up, sentient cities, which use sensors to collect a non-stop stream of data:

“Formula One car racing is the most viewed sport in the world. On any given race day, half a billion people — one-fourteenth of the globe — are watching it on TV. But it’s what they’re not seeing that wins races today: More than 300 sensors are implanted throughout each vehicle to monitor everything from air displacement to tire temperature to the driver’s heart rate. These data are continuously transmitted back to a control room, where engineers run millions of calculations in real time and tweak their driver’s strategy accordingly.

Through this process, every last ounce of efficiency and performance is wrung out of each car. And so it will be with cities like PlanIT Valley, currently being built from scratch in northern Portugal. Slated for completion in 2015, PlanIT Valley won’t be a mere ‘smart city’ — it will be a sentient city, with 100 million sensors embedded throughout, running on the same technology that’s in the Formula One cars, each sensor sending a stream of data through the city’s trademarked Urban Operating System (UOS), which will run the city with minimal human intervention.

‘We saw an opportunity … to go create something that was starting with a blank sheet,’ said PlanIT Valley creator Steve Lewis, ‘thinking from a systems-wide process in the same way we would think about computing technologies.'” (Thanks Browser.)

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Norman Mailer decrying the preponderance of plastic, not mainly from an environmental perspective but from aesthetic and sensory points of view. Certainly the environmental threat is concerning, but, wow, there’ve been a lot of beautiful things made of plastic.

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The Civil War didn’t claim so many lives merely because of the brutality of the battles but also because it was fought just before the dawn of modern medicine. One man, William Hammond, by all accounts a miserable prick to work with, saved countless thousands with his bold vision after President Lincoln appointed him Surgeon General of the Army in 1862. But there was only so much he could do. From Pat Leonard in the New York Times:

“Yet even with his state-of-the-art initiatives to improve sanitation and save lives, Hammond was fighting an uphill battle. The American Civil War was fought during what he would later describe as ‘the end of the medical Middle Ages.’ An understanding of germ theory was still a decade away, and thousands died not from their wounds but from infections or gangrene that developed later. During and following a major battle, doctors performed amputations by the hundreds, sawing off mangled limbs as quickly as men could be lifted onto makeshift operating tables, without so much as wiping their blades between procedures. The death rate following amputations ranged as high as 50 percent, especially when major limbs were involved or when soldiers had to wait more than a few hours to be treated.

And that wasn’t the worst of it. The greatest menace to Civil War soldiers was not enemy fire, nor even the infections that almost always inflamed their wounds and/or stumps. The majority of field fatalities – an estimated three out of five among Union dead, and two out of three among Confederates – were caused by preventable diseases that swept through camps and hospitals, including dysentery, typhoid fever, pneumonia, tuberculosis and even ‘childhood’ ailments like measles, chickenpox and whooping cough.

Writing home, soldiers often remarked that they didn’t fear the big battles as much as being taken to a hospital, where they would be exposed to killers they couldn’t see and didn’t understand.”

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A 15-year-old kid is exposed to the mistreatment of a robot as part of an ethical experiment. The robot will be fine. The child will never trust anyone again. Maybe that’s for the best. (Thanks IEEE Spectrum.)

With so much of life shifted online, it’s natural that elements of warfare will follow. From Michael Gallagher at the BBC:

“‘Sophisticated cyber attackers could do things like derail trains across the country,’ says Richard A Clarke, an adviser on counter-terrorism and cyber-security to presidents Clinton and Bush.

‘They could cause power blackouts – not just by shutting off the power but by permanently damaging generators that would take months to replace. They could do things like cause [oil or gas] pipelines to explode. They could ground aircraft.’

Clarke’s worries are fuelled by the current tendency to put more of our lives online, and indeed, they appear to be borne out by experiments carried out in the United States.”

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Malls are dead, and money and credit cards aren’t feeling so well, either. From Somini Sengupta in the New York Times:

“‘The physical wallet, which had no innovation in the last 50 years, will become an artifact,’ John J. Donahoe, the chief executive of eBay, told me recently. The wallet would move into the cloud, and ideally, from his perspective, into PayPal. No more would the consumer worry about losing a wallet, nor about organizing coupons and loyalty cards. Everything, he declared, would be contained within PayPal. It would also enable the company to collect vast amounts of data about customer habits, purchases and budgets.  

PayPal recently rolled out a payment system at 2,000 Home Depot stores nationwide, allowing customers to pay simply by typing in their cellphone numbers, along with a PIN. It plans to install similar kiosks later this year at other chains, including a fast food establishment.

Mr. Donahoe said he wanted his company to become ‘a mall in your pocket.'”

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Karlheinz Stockhausen,a great composer and a gigantic bag of shit, discussing human evolution in 1972.

In another sign that we’re horribly narcissistic pack animals, this passage from a Physorg post about Clay Voorhees’ study on brand loyalty:

“Customer loyalty increased when the participants viewed other customers as similar to themselves. The general physical appearance and behavior of the other customers also played a role.

‘Basically, do I feel like they’re the same type of person as me?’ said Voorhees. ‘Do they look good? Do they behave? These factors increase the likelihood of people returning to the store.’

Companies that incorporate these factors into their marketing efforts could increase loyalty by 30 percent – nearly doubling the ability to predict customer loyalty compared to traditional survey approaches that narrowly focus on the quality of service provided by the employees.

Voorhees said most companies today have become good at customer service and managing their employees.

‘So the next frontier is how to better manage their portfolio of customers,’ he said. “

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Bionic eye research in Australia. (Thanks Verge.)

Did Sun Ra really film this in 1974? Maybe it was all a dream.

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Apple is building its own private restaurant in Cupertino to better ensure that its employees won’t be overheard when discussing company business. From The Next Web:

“Apple has had a planning request approved for a new off-campus restaurant by the Cupertino Planning Commission, providing employees with a place to eat and discuss company plans and product development without fear of Apple’s competitors overhearing conversations.

The new 21,468-square-foot cafeteria, which was approved at a meeting on Tuesday, is located a short walk from Apple’s Infinite Loop headquarters and will provide cafe, meeting room, lounge areas and courtyard facilities, as well as a dedicated second floor for restaurant staff.

At the meeting Dan Whisenhunt, Apple’s director of real estate facilities, spelled out why the new building would be beneficial for the company:

‘We like to provide a level of security so that people and employees can feel comfortable talking about their business, their research and whatever project they’re engineering without fear of competition sort of overhearing their conversations.'”

In his New Yorker article this week about Leland Stanford’s famed university, Ken Auletta poses a smart question which has largely gone unasked in the whir of excitement over students and teachers cashing in on start-ups: Has the line between Stanford and Silicon Valley been blurred to the detriment of education? An excerpt, in case you haven’t read it yet, about the big money Valley ties of the university’s brilliant president John L. Hennessy:

“Debra Satz, the senior associate dean for Humanities and Arts at Stanford, who teaches ethics and political philosophy, is troubled that Hennessy is handcuffed by his industry ties. This subject has often been discussed by faculty members, she says: ‘My view is that you can’t forbid the activity. Good things come out of it. But it raises dangers.’ Philippe Buc, a historian and a former tenured member of the Stanford faculty, says, ‘He should not be on the Google board. A leader doesn’t have to express what he wants. The staff will be led to pro-Google actions because it anticipates what he wants.’

Hennessy has also invested in such venture-capital firms as Kleiner Perkins, Sequoia Capital, and Foundation Capital—companies that have received investment funds from the university’s endowment board, on which Hennessy sits. In 2007, an article published in the Wall Street Journal—’THE GOLDEN TOUCH OF STANFORD’S PRESIDENT’—highlighted the cozy relationship between Hennessy and Silicon Valley firms. The Journal reported that during the previous five years he had earned forty-three million dollars; a portion of that sum came from investments in firms that also invest Stanford endowment monies. Hennessy flicks aside criticism of those investments, noting that he isn’t actively involved in managing the endowment and likening them to a mutual fund: ‘I’m a limited partner. I couldn’t even tell you what most of these investments were in.’

Perhaps because his position is so seemingly secure, and his assets so considerable, Hennessy rarely appears defensive. He knows that questions about conflicts of interest won’t define his legacy, and they seem less pressing when Stanford is thriving. Facebook’s purchase of Instagram made millions for, among others, Sequoia Capital—which means that it made money for Hennessy and for Stanford’s endowment, too.”

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Perhaps not in our lifetimes, but eventually. By the tipsy futurists at Absolut.

From Donald Melanson’s Endgadget interview with Bill Buxton, Microsoft’s Principal Researcher, a discussion of NUI (Natural User Interfaces), such as Surface-like devices:

Are there areas that you think could benefit from natural user interfaces that haven’t yet?

I would say that we have just scratched the surface in this regard. We live in the physical world, and for a long time there was no digital world. Today we have some connections between the two worlds, but when we can truly blend them together, we get something completely new, something we are only now beginning to understand. This is why this is the most exciting time in my career since the first time I used a computer 41 years ago. Compared to what we have done in the past, what we can do today is fantastic. Compared to where we have the potential to be in 10-20 years, we still have a lot of work to do. We still work with computers. But reflecting what I said above, that is just a stepping stone to getting to the point where we are unaware that we are dealing with computers. As the saying goes, people don’t want a hammer or nail, nor even a hole in the wall. They want their picture hanging on the wall at the spot where they want it. That is the high order task. Every time you encounter an issue dealing with some intermediate step or tool in doing some higher order activity, that may well be an opportunity for a more natural, or appropriate means of accomplishing it.

In the future, neither the physical world nor the digital world will be sufficient by itself. The ability to translate your real-world experience metaphorically into the things that you want to do in the virtual world is key.”

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Microsoft Office Labs vision, 2019, featuring natural user interfaces:

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Dubai, 1971.

From Tom Wodicka’s recent article about Douglas Coupland’s first visit to Dubai:

“I felt Dubai was a city ripe for his fiction. Had he ever thought about placing a novel here?

‘Until this trip I would never have been so presumptuous. One reason I’m glad I came is that all the things about Emirati culture that were really alien to me … clothing … architecture … art … suddenly made sense, so when I see things Arabic back home now, instead of being confused, I think, I know what that means.

‘I think everyone should come to Dubai. It would bring a lot of peace to the world. I’m always attracted to situations where new electronic patterns collide with the old. I can now very easily imagine writing a story set in that huge Dubai Mall wherein everyone talks only by texting and screen snaps.’

He then spoke about one of the strongest impressions Dubai left on him: ‘I think the key thing about the Emirati world right now is that it’s beginning to define itself as itself, as opposed to importing creativity from elsewhere. So it’s a pivotal moment for the region’s young artists: can they translate their experience and emotion into a form that makes others elsewhere understand their world more? It seems like there’s this whole massive mode of being that’s itching to be understood. And you’re getting a new museum [a modern art facility in Emaar’s Downtown Dubai development]. Young artists are going to have to fill it.'”

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An interview with Laurie Anderson from the Whistle Test, 1986.

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The opening of Chris Anderson’s new Wired Q&A with computing legend Marc Andreessen, who created the first popular graphical web browser:

Chris Anderson: At 22, you’re a random kid from small-town Wisconsin, working at a supercomputer center at the University of Illinois. How were you able to see the future of the web so clearly?

Marc Andreessen: It was probably the juxtaposition of the two—being from a small town and having access to a supercomputer. Where I grew up, we had the three TV networks, maybe two radio stations, no cable TV. We still had a long-distance party line in our neighborhood, so you could listen to all your neighbors’ phone calls. We had a very small public library, and the nearest bookstore was an hour away. So I came from an environment where I was starved for information, starved for connection.

Anderson: And then at Illinois, you found the Internet.

Andreessen: Right, which could make information so abundant. The future was much easier to see if you were on a college campus. Remember, it was feast or famine in those days. Trying to do dialup was miserable. If you were a trained computer scientist and you put in a tremendous amount of effort, you could do it: You could go get a Netcom account, you could set up your own TCP/IP stack, you could get a 2,400-baud modem. But at the university, you were on the Internet in a way that was actually very modern even by today’s standards. At the time, we had a T3 line—45 megabits, which is actually still considered broadband. Sure, that was for the entire campus, and it cost them $35,000 a month! But we had an actual broadband experience. And it convinced me that everybody was going to want to be connected, to have that experience for themselves.”

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As DVDs become an increasingly marginal product in this age of streaming, will Netflix too be shunted aside by the lower entry costs of businesses that deal purely in digital data? From Nicholas Thompson’s post, “Is Netflix Doomed?” on the New Yorker’s Culture blog:

“It’s a bad time, too, for Netflix to have declining subscriber loyalty. The company believes that the mail-order-DVD business is finished, and that our DVD players are following our VCRs to the junkyard. So it is killing off that part of its business. Unfortunately, though, that’s the part with the high barriers to entry. It’s not easy for a startup to build massive warehouses and systems for mailing discs. It is easy, however, to get into the streaming business. Yesterday, for example, we learned of a startup called NimbleTV, which plans to let you watch all the channels you subscribe to through your cable provider on your phone or your tablet. If you had that, would you want Netflix, too?”

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“The incredible new world of DVD,” 1997:

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From an article by David L. Chandler on Physorg, a capsule of the early education of Rodney Brooks, the robotics experts from Errol Morris’ great film, Fast, Cheap, and Out of Control:

“The former director of MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) described growing up in in Adelaide, Australia. While he had never heard of MIT, he was an inveterate tinkerer who became intrigued early on by robotics.

In the early 1960s, Brooks recalled, he built a very primitive computer, using vacuum tubes, that had a total random access memory capacity of 64 bits (or 8 bytes) and took a year and a half to build. He then went on to build a very simple robot that remained in his mother’s garden shed for the next 30 years, he said.

After seeing the 1968 movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, he became intrigued by HAL, the movie’s intelligent, responsive computer. ‘He was a murdering psychopath,’ Brooks quipped — but nonetheless an impressive portrayal of machine intelligence.

Brooks’ first exposure to the Institute came when he read that an MIT professor named Marvin Minsky had been a consultant to filmmaker Stanley Kubrick; he immediately decided he wanted to attend MIT.

That dream took a while to realize: Brooks was turned down for graduate school at MIT, and turned down again — twice — for faculty positions after earning his doctorate at Stanford University. ‘Rejection is not the end,’ he advised the students, saying that it’s important to persevere in pursuit of one’s dreams: ‘Persistence pays off.'”

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Rodney Brooks, roboticist:

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A future of plastic lawns for all was once the dream of some. From BBC, 1968:

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