Via Amber Williams at PopSci, daunting news for those who wish to use DNA to reanimate dinosaurs, so that they can kill us all:

“DNA is a sturdy molecule; it can hang around for a long time in fossilized plants and animals. To find out just how long, an international team of scientists decided to determine its rate of decay—the length of time it takes half of its bonds to break.

First, the scientists extracted and measured the amount of DNA in 158 tibiotarsus leg bones of extinct moa, 12-foot, flightless birds that once roamed New Zealand. Next, they used radiocarbon dating to calculate the ages of the bones, which ranged from about 650 years old to 7,000 years old. With that data, the scientists calculated the hereditary molecule’s half-life: about 521 years.

The rate, however, isn’t slow enough for humans to take blood from an amber-encased mosquito and clone dinosaurs, like in Jurassic Park.”

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P.W. Singer, author of Wired for War, gets to the essence of the future of drones in a new Foreign Policy article: size matters. When an unmanned system is the size of a bird–the size of a flea–privacy, borders and security may be all but over. An excerpt:

What really matters is not just the proliferation to an ever greater number of countries, but the proliferating makeup and uses of the technology itself. The first generation of unmanned systems was much like the manned systems they were replacing — some models actually had cockpits that were just painted over. Now, we are seeing an expanding array of sizes, shapes, and forms, some inspired by nature.

Within this trend, the size issue is important to discussions of armed drones. It is not just that drones are becoming smaller, but they are also carrying smaller and smaller munitions. So, if you want, for example, to carry out a targeted killing, do you need to send a MQ-9 Reaper carrying a JDAM or a set of Hellfire missiles? Or would a guided missile the size of a rolled up magazine, or a tiny bomb the size of a beer can that is equipped with GPS (both already tested out at China Lake) fit the bill instead, especially if it comes with less collateral damage? And if that smaller weapon is all that you need, do you need a drone the size of an F-16 to carry it?

While the discussion of the proliferation of armed drones has focused on those countries that field large systems, we will soon have to address those that have smaller systems.”

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From a Spiegel report by Marco Evers about Santander, a port city in Spain that has beaten the world largest metropolises in becoming a smart city, with sensors recording and reporting:

“Luis Muñoz, 48, is an IT professor at the University of Cantabria. He received nearly €9 million ($11.7 million) in research money, most of it from the EU, to develop a prototype smart city. Muñoz permanently installed 10,000 sensors around downtown Santander, throughout an area of 6 square kilometers (2.3 square miles). The sensors are hidden inside small gray boxes attached to street lamps, poles and building walls. Some are even buried beneath the asphalt of parking lots.

Day in and day out, these sensors measure more or less everything that can be measured: light, pressure, temperature, humidity, even the movements of cars and people.

Every couple of minutes, they transmit their data to Muñoz’s laboratory at the university, the central location that collects data streams from throughout the city. Every single bus transmits its position, mileage and speed, as well as data from its environment, such as ozone or nitric oxide pollution levels. Taxis and police cars do the same. Even the people of Santander can choose to become human sensors themselves. All it takes is to download a special app for GPS-enabled cell phones.

A central computer compiles the data into one big picture that is constantly being updated. Santander is a digital city, and everything here gets recorded. The system knows exactly where the traffic jams are and where the air is bad. Noise and ozone maps show what parts of the city are exceeding EU limits. Things can get particularly interesting when a major street is blocked because of an accident. Muñoz can observe in real time how that event affects traffic in the rest of the city.”

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Applying the hilarious bile of the Buffalo Beast‘s great 50 Most Loathsome Americans lists to the Forbes 2013 billionaires list, Lynn Stuart Parramore has turned out a wonderfully scathing feature for Salon. One entry:

The Koch brothers: Charles Koch ($34 bn), David Koch ($34 bn), William Koch ($4 bn)

Where to begin? David and Charles, the brothers still with Koch industries, are among the world’s biggest polluters, for starters. Bill Koch, who split off from the family company, is a world-class weirdo who devotes himself to things like building a faux Western town solely for his amusement and buying a $2 million photo of Billy the Kid. Though not as active in bankrolling GOP pols as his brothers, Bill was a big supporter of fellow 1 percent jerk Mitt Romney and has found time to fight against America’s first offshore wind farm in Massachusetts. As for David and Charles, they have won a permanent spot in the Public Menace Hall of Fame, kicking their fellow human beings in the face with everything from funding climate change denial to strangling democracy. They have striven mightily to reshape America into a Tea Party nightmare, and have plenty of money to continue their mission.”

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Psychic services-Paranormal Investigator (North & Central Jersey)

Intuitive Services & Paranormal Investigators.

We can do a phone consultation for unexplained paranormal activity that you may need help with. A house visit fee starts at $150 for a preliminary walk through so I can see what needs to be done.

From Adrian Chen’s smart Gawker interview with technology skeptic supreme Evgeny Morozov, a passage about why “solving” crime might not be such a good idea, though you may disagree if you’ve recently been mugged:

“You can see such solutionist logic that presumes the existence of problems based solely on the availability of nice and quick digital solutions in many walks of life: We have the tools to make government officials more honest and consistent, ergo hypocrisy and inconsistency are problems worth solving. Take crime. We have the means to predict crime—with ‘big data’ and smart algorithms—and prevent it from happening, ergo eliminating crime is a problem worth solving.

But is eliminating crime really a project worth pursuing? Don’t we need to be able to break laws in order to revise them? Once crimes are committed, cases reach the courts, generate debate in the media, and so forth—the very fact that crimes are allowed to happen allows us to revise the norms in question. So the inefficiency of the system—the fact that the crime rate is not zero—-is what saves us from the tyranny of conservatism and complacency that might be the outcome if we delegate crime prevention to algorithms and databases..”

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From the August 17, 1873 New York Times:

“A few days before the James surveying party reached Coyote Wells, says the San Diego (Cal.) World of the 1st inst., the driver of the Yuma stage brought word to Charley Ellis, keeper of the station, that he had seen a man in the Colorado desert, who seemed to bewildered, and wandering about without purpose. Ellis at once mounted his mule and started in search of him. About a mile and a half east of the Wells he found the man lying on the sand sucking the blood from his arm, which he had lacerated in a fearful manner, for the purpose of quenching his thirst.”

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Speaking of futuristic modes of transit, here’s a brief video of the hovercraft known as the Aérotrain, which was developed in the 1960s and 1970s by French engineer Jean Bertin. From the Illiana Garden Rail Society: “Though novel for its time the Aérotrain never evolved into a regular rail service and its development ended in the late 1970′s. In France the tracks and infrastructure of the Aérotrain were torn down. At least two of the French test vehicles were destroyed by vandalism. In the United States the only prototype wasted away its useful life sitting idle outside of an Arizona aircraft museum.”

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I’ll believe it when I see it, but Tel Aviv wants to be the first city to use NASA Transport Pods to alleviate traffic congestion. From Peter Coy at Bloomberg Businessweek:

“Transport pods that look like silvery fish could soon be whizzing above the streets of Tel Aviv. The Israeli city is looking to become the world’s first to get a mass-transit system co-developed at NASA’s Ames Research Center, Tel Aviv Mayor Ron Huldai said during a Monday visit to Bloomberg News.

The SkyTran system, which Huldai said could help relieve the traffic congestion that plagues his Mediterranean city, consists of two-person vehicles that hang from rails above street level. The pods are nearly silent because their overhead connectors are levitated by magnetism. Pods pull over on side tracks to pick up and discharge passengers so they don’t slow those behind them. They can travel at speeds up to 150 miles per hour, but in practice would go considerably slower.”

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Food is inefficient, so Rob Rhinehart doesn’t eat anymore. The Atlanta software engineer has created Soylent, a drink that contains the nutrients of a balanced diet without the additives, preservatives and most of the calories. From “This Man Thinks He Never Has To Eat Again,” by Monica Heisey at Vice:

“Question:

How could Soylent affect the world’s eating habits?

Answer:

Consumer behavior has a lot to do with cost and convenience. There are plenty of ways to be healthy, but Americans are more likely to be overweight simply because the food that’s cheap and convenient is unhealthy. I think it’s possible to use technology to make healthy food very cheaply and easily, but we’ll have to give up many traditional foodstuffs like fresh fruits and veggies, which are incompatible with food processing and scale.

Question:

That sounds ominous.

Answer:

I don’t think we need fruits and veggies, though—we need vitamins and minerals. We need carbs, not bread. Amino acids, not milk. It’s still fine to eat these when you want, but not everyone can afford them or has the desire to eat them. Food should be optimized and personalized. If Soylent was as cheap and easy to obtain as a cup of coffee, I think people would be much healthier and healthcare costs would be lower. And I think this is entirely possible.

Question:

And it sounds like it could potentially help with world hunger.

Answer:

Yeah, I’m very optimistic at the prospect of helping developing nations. Soylent can largely be produced from the products of local agriculture, and at that scale, it’s plenty cheap to nourish even the most impoverished individuals. People may giggle when I say I poop a lot less, but this would be a huge deal in the developing world, where inadequate sanitation is a prevalent source of disease. Also, agriculture has a huge impact on the environment, and this diet vastly reduces one’s use of it.”

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From David Letterman’s short-lived 1980 morning show, a bizarre appearance by Steve Martin, back when both comedians actually gave a crap. Back when the whole country gave a crap.

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in a 1967 video, advertising exec James Nelson  predicted the long-term future of the business–and much of our culture. From Matthew Creamer at Ad Age:

“The eerily spot-on moment you have to see is Mr. Nelson’s vision of a magazine whose content is wholly determined by the age, gender and interests of its reader and laser-beamed right to the home. The ads, too, are perfectly targeted.

Lifetime, the Magazine for You is laser-beamed to a device that prints out the content from under the kitchen sink, next to the garbage disposal. Each copy is unique and the subscription is noncancelable. Says Mr. Nelson in the film, ‘Only the ads that could reasonably appeal to the subscriber are included in his issue and if an advertiser wanted to reach only 28-year-old mothers of three children, boy-girl-boy, that was who they reached … there was 100% coverage and no waste circulation and no matter how the subscriber felt about it, noncancelable.’

It’s easy to see apps like Flipboard and concepts like the filter bubble, if not the whole digital-publishing world, bent on serving up content and ads that are less about the independent vision of an editorial team and more about divining what the reader will actually click on. So in this fun and tossed-off little clip, Mr. Nelson predicted the personalized, data-driven, on-demand future of digital media we’re dealing with today, even if he was, sadly, wrong about the lasers.

‘It was just a thought,’ said Mr. Nelson, when we asked the 91-year-old for his memories of the film. ‘I didn’t think anyone would actually do it.'”

2017 Revisited from Jamie Nelson on Vimeo.

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From an Ask Me Anything on Reddit, Steven Pinker addressing the supposed link between violent video games and actual violence:

Question:

I don’t know if this has been asked yet, Professor, but…

Do you believe in the idea that violent video games could increase violent tendencies in children?

I’ve read a lot about the subject, but to be honest, I’m extremely doubtful that something like a video game could influence someone into hurting someone else.

My belief is that you are who you are, and if you’re going to be violent then you’re bound by fate to that path unless you change yourself. There is no outside influence (besides self-defense) that could make you hurt someone else if you weren’t that type of person.

Thoughts?

Steven Pinker:

There is no good evidence that violent video games cause real-life violence. Christopher Ferguson has reviewed the literature extensively and shown that claims to the contrary are bogus (and the Supreme Court agreed). Just for starters: the era in which video games exploded in popularity is exactly the era in which violent crime among young people plummeted. It’s not true, though, that anyone is fated to be violent. In The Better Angels of Our Nature, I presented a hundred graphs showing rates of violence changing over time, mostly downward. The near-80% decline in US rape since the early 1970s, and the halving of the homicide rate since 1992, are just two examples. Rates of violence respond to certain features of an environment, such as the incentives of an effective police and criminal justice system, and the surrounding norms of legitimate retaliation. They just don’t respond to video games.”

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I love crowdsourcing but have always been suspicious of its limitations. It’s great for developing a brilliant idea, but can it really ever come up with the brilliant idea? Could it turn out the next iPod? From CNN, a report from SXSW about the first automobile to be designed by crowdsourcing:

“With its orange paint, muscular look and mounted steer horns, an unusual race car has been turning heads on the streets of this capital city.

But that’s not even the most interesting thing about it.

This isRally Fighter, believed to be the first production vehicle to be designed through crowdsourcing, the process of drawing input from a global community of interested people via the Internet.

‘If Henry Ford had had Twitter and Internet access, he surely would have made his automobiles in a very different way,’  said John B. Rogers, president and co-founder of Local Motors, the Arizona car maker that built the Rally Fighter. The company’s slogan: ‘Made by you in America.’

The Rally Fighter is built for speed but has five-point seat belts, not air bags.

Rogers spoke at the South by Southwest Interactive festival in Austin on the use of crowdsourcing to make the best possible automobile in the cheapest and most efficient way.

Local Motors claims that its Rally Fighter is the first vehicle in the world to be created following this principle. Rogers said it was produced in 18 months, about five times faster than through conventional processes.

The design was chosen through a 2009 vote by a community of hundreds of people on the Internet.”

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Human DNA is only about about 1% different than that of a chimpanzee. If we encounter intelligent life from elsewhere in the universe and they’re 1% smarter than we are, they will probably view us as chimps. In this 12-minute, “fascinatingly disturbing” thought experiment, Neil deGrasse Tyson wonders if we’re just too dumb to figure out the biggest puzzles of the universe, whether those questions can only be answered by species brighter than we’ll ever be.

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"Whilst I don't have the money to pay..."

“Whilst I don’t have the money to pay…”

Muse Sought

Screenwriter from London, newly transplanted to New York. 

I’ve recently been pondering embarking on a novel. About what I do not know just as yet, but I do know that it demands that I engage with completely different energies and thinking from which I succor at for my screenplay writing at this time. This urge has been sparked by some recent short story writing I have been indulging in and it’s made me crave something to inspire me to write something in long form.

I am looking for a woman who can challenge me creatively, mentally, sexually and emotionally. In essence I guess, I am seeking a muse. I am seeking someone from outside the realm of individuals I would typically gravitate to. I need someone who is going to both inspire and scare me to strive for some truths in my writing.

Whilst I don’t have the money to pay, I am specifically looking for someone who seeks the same sort of inspiration as well and perhaps the compensation can be me doing the same for you in relation to what you are working on.

101 Ways to Save Apple” is a half-joking, half-serious Wired article from June 1997, the month before Gil Amelio was replaced by a returning Steve Jobs as the near-bankrupt company’s CEO. Some of the serious advice was wrong-minded, though still far better than Fortune‘s coverage from that same year (“Most of the commentary I’ve seen about this decision is off the mark, especially the talk about Jobs coming back to save Apple. That is sheer nonsense. He won’t be anywhere near the company.”). A few excerpts:

“1. Admit it. You’re out of the hardware game. Outsource your hardware production, or scrap it entirely, to compete more directly with Microsoft without the liability of manufacturing boxes.

10. Get a great image campaign. Let’s get some branding (or rebranding) going on. Reproduce the ‘1984’ spot with a 1997 accent.

21. Sell yourself to IBM or Motorola, the PowerPC makers. You can become the computer division that Motorola wants or the alternative within IBM. This would give the company volume for its PowerPC devices and leverage for other PowerPC offerings.

44. Continue your research in voice recognition. It’s the only way you’re going to compete in videoconferencing and remote access.

50. Give Steve Jobs as much authority as he wants in new product development. Let Gil Amelio stick to operations. There’s no excitement at the top, and Apple’s customers want to feel like they’ve joined a computer revolution. Even if Jobs fails, he’ll do it with guns a-blazin’, and we’ll be spared this slow water torture that Amelio has subjected us to.

99. Reincorporate as a nonprofit research foundation. Instead of buying computers, customers would buy memberships, just as they do in the National Geographic Society. They’d receive an Apple computer as part of their membership perks. Dues would be tax-deductible. Your (eventual) profits would also be tax-exempt, and the foundation could continue its noble battle to keep Microsoft on its toes.”

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From the May 7, 1904 New York Times:

Chicago–Miss E. Reusse, a well known music teacher with a studio in the Athenaeum Building, was found a raving maniac early this morning, and is now at a hospital as the result of a fast which she indulged in.

Some time ago Miss Reusse fell under the influence of the Persian sun worshippers, a sect of considerable numbers here, and, following their teachings, she has fasted for several weeks, and is nearly a skeleton. Night before last she became violent and threw all her belongings out on the porch of her home.

Her neighbors then interfered and had her taken to a hospital. She has not spoken an intelligible sentence since she was removed.”

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From a Slate report by Tom Vanderbilt about a convention of lockpickers, an annual meeting of the original “hackers,” who must gain entry not to steal but because they need to:

“In fairness, the conference, known as LockCon, hosted by TOOOL (The Open Organization of Lockpickers, which demurely describes itself as a ‘growing group of enthusiasts interested in locks, keys and ways of opening locks without keys’) was a far tamer affair than I had expected, given that my visit had been foregrounded with viewings of, for example, a YouTube video showing TOOOL co-founder and president Barry (‘the Key’) Wels—as with hackers, a nickname is often de rigueur for lock pickers—opening a standard hotel door, from the outside, using a bent metal bar.

TOOOL, perhaps not surprisingly given that it spends its time figuring out how to open the world’s locks, is sensitive about its portrayal, and LockCon itself is ‘invitation only.’ As Wels had told me, ‘we spend a lot of time trying to keep the bad guys—or guys with bad intentions—out.’ Those who had gathered were a diverse and almost disappointingly legitimate lot, ranging from German pilots to Spanish locksmiths to a British distributed systems architect working in Iceland, not to mention the crew I had traveled with from Amsterdam in a borrowed RV driven by Wels: Deviant Ollam, Datagram, Scorche (and his girlfriend), and Babak Javadi, all members of the American branch of TOOOL and all employed, in one way or another, in the security business. And while LockCon had a whiff of Stieg Larsson—the hacker speak (e.g., ‘epic fail’) and T-shirts (‘Masters of Penetration’), the Northern European location and demographic tilt—its sense of mischief was largely sealed within the confines of the hostel’s conference rooms where, during the day, attendees sat through intensely technical presentations, and by night, fueled by healthy glasses of the hostel’s all-inclusive lagers, engaged in competitive lock-picking trials.

There is an inevitable lure to picking a lock. ‘A lock is a psychological threshold,’ writes Gaston Bachelard. The physicist Richard Feynman, himself possessed of what he termed the ‘puzzle drive’ and a notorious lock picker, described it as: ‘One guy tries to make something to keep another guy out; there must be a way to beat it!’ I have a firm memory of clicking open the lock on the bathroom door in my childhood home with a bobby-pin; that the lock is what is called in the business a ‘privacy lock,’ designed not at all for security but merely to prevent unintentional intrusions, did not diminish my ardor in that moment.” (Thanks Browser.)

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During the first Presidential debate last year, the one where Mitt Romney was supposedly so brilliant, he asserted that half of the clean-tech companies President Obama had invested stimulus money in had gone belly up. Not even close. Tesla Motors was one of the businesses he was talking about. They’ve just announced they’re expediting their loan-repayment schedule. From Alan Ohnsman at Bloomberg:

“Tesla Motors Inc. (TSLA), which received $465 million in U.S. Energy Department loans to develop and build electric cars, will repay the funds five years ahead of schedule in a plan approved by the government.

The carmaker said in its annual report yesterday that the department approved amended terms of the loan agreements that enable it to complete repayment by December 2017. Starting in 2015, the Palo Alto, California-based company will make accelerated payments from excess free cash flow, Chief Financial Officer Deepak Ahuja said in a telephone interview.

‘Any remaining balance that’s there at the end of 2017 we’ll pay off as a balloon payment,’ Ahuja said yesterday.

The maker of battery-powered Model S sedans, led by billionaire Elon Musk, has a goal of becoming profitable this quarter, with deliveries of the vehicle forecast to rise to a record 20,000 units in 2013. Production snags in last year’s second half boosted operating expenses and triggered a wider fourth-quarter loss for Tesla than analysts anticipated.

The original terms required repayment of the loans by 2022, 10 years after the funds were drawn down. Tesla said on Sept. 25 that it was working with the Energy Department on a modified repayment schedule. Amended terms of the loan agreements were registered on Dec. 20 and March 1, the company said yesterday.”

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prcp

Why wouldn’t the new budget proposed by Paul Ryan, who seems to forget that he lost the election, not drive Americans out into the streets screaming? It calls for austerity for people who can least afford it, in this time of ever-increasing income disparity, when only few have felt the effects of the recovery. Maybe it’s partly because our pockets hold those shiny smartphones, amulets equally for the rich and poor, which make it seem like anything is possible, that things will change. But what if that change is not for the better? From “Upgrade or Die,” George Packer’s commentary on the New Yorker site:

“My unprovable hypothesis is that obsessive upgrading and chronic stagnation are intimately related, in the same way that erotic fantasies are related to sexual repression. The fetish that surrounds Google Glass or the Dow average grows ever more hysterical as the economic status of the majority of Americans remains flat. When things don’t work in the realm of stuff, people turn to the realm of bits. If the physical world becomes intransigent, you can take refuge in the virtual world, where you can solve problems–how do I make a video of my skydiving adventure while keeping my hands free?—that most of your countrymen didn’t know existed. [Evgeny] Morozov puts it this way: ‘Last year the futurist Ayesha Khanna even described smart contact lenses that could make homeless people disappear from view, ‘enhancing our basic sense’ and, undoubtedly, making our lives so much more enjoyable. In a way, this does solve the problem of homelessness—unless, of course, you happen to be a homeless person.’

The strange thing is that technological romanticism doesn’t divide Americans. In an age when class and wealth determine everything from your food and beverage to your TV shows, news sources, mode of air travel, education, spouse, children’s prospects, longevity, and cause of death, it’s the one thing that still unites us. I know a man in Tampa who was out of work for nine months after losing his job at Walmart, and more than once almost ended up on the street with his wife and two children. Last week, he was finally hired by a food conglomerate to drive from one convenience store to another, checking the condition of snack bags on the shelves. Like the unemployed Italian man in The Bicycle Thief who gets hired to put up movie posters and has to pawn his wedding sheets to buy the bike required for the job, the Tampa family had to sell some of their DVDs so the father could buy decent clothes and shoes and pay for gas.

But he didn’t need to purchase a smart phone. He already had one. And in the future, when the price drops below its current fifteen hundred dollars, the unemployed might wear Google Glass, too. Perhaps it will allow them to disappear from their own field of vision.”

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“A device now in preparation…will make thought actually visible to the eye.”

A scientist using brain scans to try to learn more about human capabilities and criminality? Sure. But in 1910? That was when Dr. Max Baff was projecting brain imaging onto movie screens in the hopes that thinking could be manifested and “read.” An excerpt from a September 4, 1910 New York Times article:

“‘It is possible to watch the processes of thought on the moving picture screen. By new apparatus which is being perfected the man of science will be able to suggest an idea to his patient, and then observe the infinitesimal changes of the brain issues which result upon thinking. ‘

So Dr. Max Baff, Fellow of Psychology at Clark University in Worcester, says. In addition to the announcement that German scientists in Munich have succeeded in getting motion pictures of the internal organs of the human body, Dr. Baff makes known a device now in preparation, by which the tiny brain cells may be magnified 5,000 times, will make thought actually visible to the eye.

Light will be thrown on the problems of crime by this new achievement, he believes. A man’s mental power may be measured to a nicety. The complete system of education may be jolted by the knowledge to come. And the mystery of the two great extremes in the mental scale, the brain of the genius and the brain of the fool, will be solved. …

By no means does Dr. Braff regard this discovery as a stride in the study of psychology. ‘Indeed no. Now we know nothing,’ he explained in his office last week, ‘and soon we will only begin to know.

‘It is as if a new continent had been discovered,’ he continued. ‘The exact place in the brain area where thought takes place is not yet known. By the moving pictures the riddle will be solved, I believe. Once we study the movement of the brain cells magnified 5,000 times and we will be able to gauge the capacity of a man’s mind, and whether or not he is fitted for the work he is doing.

‘By these means science will be able to discriminate between the fit and the unfit. We shall discover the criminal who commits the crime because he can not help it, and on the other hand we shall be able to detect the criminal who is feigning insanity, for brain storms, in that they are a definite mental phenomenon, may be photographed.

‘Even the activities of the so-called soul may be projected on the screen.'”

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You can’t trust some people. They lie.

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Willie Mosconi, spinning in his grave.

Jenny McCarthy And Jim Carrey Host Green Our Vaccines Press Conference

Even though the Digital Age is supposed to be an equalizer–and perhaps still will be–we’re deeply divided in terms of wealth in many ways. Our culture has never been better and worse. We know so much but believe so much bullshit. The opening of “Beyond Belief,” Michael Hanlon’s new Aeon essay:

“We live, we like to think, in a reasoning age, if not always a reasonable one. Over the past century we have seen spectacular advances in our understanding of the universe. We now have a fairly coherent, if incomplete, picture of how our planet came into being, its age and place in the cosmos, and how the physical world works. We, clever monkeys that we are, understand the processes that lead to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and the factors that influence climate and weather. We have seen the rise of molecular biology and major improvements in public health and medicine, giving billions of people longer, healthier lives.

Indeed, life expectancy is on the rise nearly everywhere. Infant mortality continues to plummet. Humanity has actually managed to eradicate one of the greatest scourges of its existence — smallpox — and we are well on the way to destroying another — polio. It is astonishing, this triumph of reason. As a species, we should be proud.

But of course it is not that simple. As the ideals and technological spin-offs of the Enlightenment make our world ever more unified, unreason continues to flourish. This is something that many thinkers find to be as puzzling as it is distasteful.”

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