When earthlings start traveling to Mars, stratospheric surgery will become a necessity. From “Robotic Surgery in Space” at the Medical Bag:

“Traditional surgery in space would be a perilous exercise. Besides the difficulty of performing delicate procedures using multiple tools floating around in zero gravity, the possibility that bodily fluids could escape, float away, and contaminate equipment would be disastrous. The use of a small robot that could perform procedures in vivo would lessen these dangers. This robotic device is designed to enter the body all at once through a specialized port that would avoid loss of insufflation and reduce complexity. It would be programmed to facilitate multiple minimally invasive surgical procedures, including appendectomies, cholecystectomies, and the repair of gastric ulcer perforations and intra-abdominal bleeding due to trauma. Upon completion of the procedure, the robot can be removed easily, along with any retrieved specimens.

Currently, the device is designed to be controlled remotely by a surgeon on Earth, who would manipulate the robot inside a patient in low-Earth orbit, such as on the International Space Station. “