Urban Studies

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Wired has a story by Spencer Ackerman about plants being engineered by biologist June Medford to detect explosives. Expect them to be in pots in our airports very soon. An excerpt:

“Picture this at an airport, perhaps in as soon as four years: A terrorist rolls through the sliding doors of a terminal with a bomb packed into his luggage (or his underwear). All of a sudden, the leafy, verdant gardenscape ringing the gates goes white as a sheet. That’s the proteins inside the plants telling authorities that they’ve picked up the chemical trace of the guy’s arsenal.

It only took a small engineering nudge to deputize a plant’s natural, evolutionary self-defense mechanisms for threat detection. ‘Plants can’t run and hide,’ says June Medford, the biologist who’s spent the last seven years figuring out how to deputize plants for counterterrorism. ‘If a bug comes by, it has to respond to it. And it already has the infrastructure to respond.’”

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"The toy has to be a human shaped Stretch Armstrong though, with the corn syrup inside." (Image by Alex Beattie.)

In Need of Stretch Armstrong – $20 (new york city area)

I am in this band called Sediment Club that is making a music video. we have been looking on ebay for a reasonably priced stretch armstrong toy for this one scene, but we’ve been having a hard time. If you have one of these toys that still stretches, and would be willing to work something out, please email us. we don’t need any collector items or rare toys, it can be beat up and scoffed or used or whatever, as long as it can still stretch. we only need it for one short scene, so if you’d even want to rent it out to us for the day, that would be fine, too. we wouldn’t need it after the scene anyway. we aren’t on a huge budget, but we can pay you $20 if you want to sell and $15 if you want to rent the toy out. if anything it would be helping artists make weird art. we’ll give you a copy of the video when it’s done.

the toy has to be a human shaped stretch armstrong though, with the corn syrup inside.


Before the Super Bowl was sold as a global event, it was a national one. At Super Bowl III in the Orange Bowl, a trio of Apollo 8 astronauts led the crowd–which included Joe and Ted Kennedy, Bob Hope and Spiro Agnew– in pledging allegiance to the U.S. flag. The Florida A&M University marching band provided the halftime entertainment.

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"They receive visitors of the other sex, and ply their vocation on the streets for a livelihood."

Alison Leigh Cowan of the City Room at the New York Times has an interesting piece about an 1870 guidebook, The Gentleman’s Companion, which was a directory of brothels and streetwalkers in Manhattan. The Times got to briefly handle a crumbling copy that is kept under lock and key at the New-York Historical Society, but there’s a digital version for everyone to read. A few excerpts from the publication follow. (I’ve left the writing as it was, though some of it is patchy.)

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In passing up Broadway, any evening, between the hours of 7 and 11 o’clock, one is surprised to see so many well-dressed and comely females whose ages range from fifteen to twenty-five years, unattended by companions of the opposite sex.

These young ladies are Nymphes de Pave or as they familiarly termed ‘Cruisers’ have furnished rooms in which they receive visitors of the other sex, and ply their vocation on the streets for a livelihood.

As a general fact, these girls are smart. good-looking, well-educated and are neat and prepossessing in appearance. This is especially the case with those who are called ‘Badgers,’ but more widely known as panel thieves. These plunderers have had full swing, of late, and have robbed many an unsuspecting stranger of his all. The sooner justice puts an end to their swindling career, the better it will be for public and for the girls themselves.”

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"It is a third class house where may be found the lowest class of courtezans."

The house No. 58 West Houston street, is kept by Mrs. Mayer who furnishes the best accommodations for ladies and gentlemen. This house is kept in a very quiet and orderly manner. The next house, No. 55, is kept by Miss Ada Blaghfield, the dashing brunette, who has eight boarders, both blondes and brunettes. These are a pretty lot of girls, of pleasing and engaging manners. It is regarded as a first class house, very quiet and orderly and is visited by some of the first citizens.

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The establishment at No. 111 Spring street is a house of assignation kept by Hattie Taylor. It is a third class house where may be found the lowest class of courtezans. It is patronized by roughs and rowdies, and gentlemen who turn their shirts wrong side out when the other side is dirty.

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IBM celebrates its century mark with a 30-minute film called “They Were There,” which was directed by Errol Morris and scored by Philip Glass. I interviewed Morris once, and I was depressed when he told me how much trouble he has raising money for his amazing documentaries. That’s probably true of every non-fiction filmmaker who isn’t Michael Moore. Well, at least there are coporate gigs to pay the bills.

Boing Boing pointed me to a remarkable site called “Marshall McLuhan Speaks: Centennial 2011,” which celebrates what would have been the media philosopher’s 100th birthday. It contains clips of McLuhan opining about things he saw on the horizon that others didn’t. It’s amazing to think how celebrated and discredited McLuhan was in such short order during the ’60s and ’70s, but I think his ideas are mostly a good legacy. A transcript of McLuhan’s words from 1966, describing what sounds very much like the Internet:

“Instead of going out and buying a packaged book of which there have been 5,000 copies printed, you will go to the telephone, describe your interests, your needs, your problems, and they at once xerox, with the help of computers from the libraries of the world, all the latest material just for you personally, not as something to be put out on a bookshelf. They send you the package as a direct personal service. This is where we’re heading under electronic information conditions.”

More Afflictor posts about Marshall McLuhan:

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"The searcher after health and beauty must blow as large a bubble as she can while seated."

Society has come up with many ways to drive women crazy, but few of them involve blowing soap bubbles. One such instance is described in this groundbreaking health reporting in the September 27, 1902 issue of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. An excerpt:

“The latest suggestion for acquiring health and beauty is to practice bubble blowing with a clay pipe. It is claimed that if a woman will adhere to the practice for a reasonable length of time she will find her cheeks have become plump and the contour of her neck decidedly improved. Blowing bubbles is a similar operation to the deep breathing exercises now so highly recommended, and the searcher after health and beauty must blow as large a bubble as she can while seated, blowing slowly and gradually, for fear of bursting the bubble. After a few minutes the exercise is repeated standing.

Then she lies flat on her back on the floor with chin as high as possible and blows as long as she can, the first bubble slowly and then as rapidly as possible.”

"No poop."


WANTED – USED DIAPERS! (carroll gardens)

We are a green building company seeking baby diapers. Urine is ok. No poop.

We use them as a base in our green roofs.

The diapers hold huge amounts of water and the urine is good fertilizer.

Turn the world green! Keep those diapers out of the landfill and help make green roofs!

As America fiddles, China continues to move into a more sustainable future, this time with a solar-powered train station in Nanjing that will allow for clean and efficient rail travel. (Thanks Reddit.) An excerpt from a post by Tracy McGill on the Metaefficient blog:

“Efficiency abounds in China as the world’s largest building integrated photovoltaic project prepares to power the railway station where some of the world’s fastest high speed trains pass through. China Sunergy, a solar cell and module manufacturer based in Nanjing, China, has recently signed a deal with CEEG (Nanjing) Solar Energy Research Institute to supply the 7MW solar modules for the Nanjing South Railway Station. When it’s finished, the Nanjing South Railway Station will be one of the most energy efficient public buildings in China.”

“Dear Sarah, Beverly and All, I am enjoying the trip and safe so far. I slept all night at Snyder, Texas, at the Strayhorn Motel and feel rested. I sure wish you were with me. Today I went to Carlsbad Caverns. Love, Bill. P.S. I am sending you and Beverly a package from a souvenir store near here.”

During a 1958 visit to New Mexico, Bill Bragg sent a postcard to his wife at their home in Macon, Georgia. It just recently arrived after being lost for 52 years. Thankfully, the Braggs had never moved. Ed Grisamore of the Macon Telegraph has a story about the long-delayed card. An excerpt:

“The 5-cent postcard — with a few bumps, bruises, blue-ink smears and a 3-cent stamp barely hanging on — somehow reached its final destination.

The postmark was Nov. 10, 1958. It had been mailed from Whites City, N.M.

Oh, well. Better late than never.

A lot of things have changed, though.

Wilmer ‘Bill’ Bragg Jr. was a 30-year-old Marine when he penned those words. He’s now an 82-year-old great-grandfather and needs a magnifying glass to read them.

The Braggs still live on the same property along Liberty Church Road. It has been in Sarah’s family since 1943.

‘This incident is extremely rare and, over the course of postal history, it is always a great moment when we are able to deliver the mail no matter what condition it is in,’ said Nancy Ross, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Postal Service in the South Georgia District.”

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Stock being sold al fresco on Wall Street on October 2, 1920.

Not so long ago, the New York Curb Exchange was a place where small companies could literally sell stock on the street with the aid of what were called curbside brokers. The above 1920 photo from Bain News Service captures the mad scene. More about the Curb Exchange from Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City:

“Until 1921, the New York Stock Exchange–the largest trading floor in the city–was accompanied on Broad Street by the Curb Market, where outdoor brokers gathered around lampposts and mailboxes to transact business. In many ways, this was the outgrowth of the fact that some traders had not signed the Buttonwood Agreement in 1792, and thus had not been invited into the circle of brokers who moved into Tontine’s Coffee House as part of the official exchange. After the California gold rush brought more capital into New York, the Curb Market expanded to handle more transactions, often for companies deemed too small or too new to gain entrance to the New York Stock Exchange. (Many of these companies–like General Motors–did eventually graduate indoors.) In boom years, the Curb Market was sometimes trading 10 times the number of shares that were being sold on the Stock Exchange’s floor.”

(Image by George Grantham Bain Collection.)

"Some of the tenements managed to boast a saloon, brothel, or dance hall on every floor."

An excerpt about raffish pre-Civil War New York saloons from Luc Sante’s great book Low Life:

“The low-class Bowery dives just emerging featured a novelty: no glasses. Drinks, at three cents per, were served from barrels stacked behind the bar via thin rubber tubes, the stipulation being that the customer would drink all he wanted until he had to stop for a breath. Needless to say, there were many who developed deep lung capacity and tricks of circular respiration in order to outwit the system. In the decades before the Civil War the worst dives were located on the waterfront, and they traded with a highly elastic clientele of sailors. Sailors were free spenders, rootless, and halfway untraceable; they were marks of the first order. The street most overrun by sailors was Water Street, and there some of the tenements managed to boast a saloon, brothel, or dance hall on every floor. Notable were John Allen’s saloon-cum-whorehouse and Kit Burns’ Sportsmen Hall, which was an entire three-story building in which every variety of vice was pursued, but none so famous as its matches to the death between terriers and rats, held in a pit in its first-floor amphitheater, hence the resort’s more common name, the Rat Pit. Commerce was aided by the fact that, whether through fluke or graft, Kit Burns’s was the terminus for one of the early stage transit lines.”

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Reddit pointed me to this 1987 commercial for what was a really cool and inexpensive black-and-white camcorder for kids, the Fisher-Price PXL 2000. It was a handheld camera that recorded footage using audio cassettes. Intended as a toy, the lo-res pixelvision product was a flop with kids but became a popular, artsy cult item with adults, especially indie filmmakers and graphic designers. It was created by Andrew Bergman, who passed away in 2007 at the young age of 57. An excerpt from a remembrance of the ecelctic inventor from a Stickley Museum newsletter:

“Andy was born in Appleton, Wisconsin, and schooled at Carnegie Mellon and Southern Illinois University, where he taught with prolific innovator Buckminster Fuller. In 1992, he formed the Bergman Design Consortium, a force in the toy design industry. As a self-taught sculptor and furniture designer, Andy spent many summers at Haystack Mountain School of Crafts in Deer Island, Maine. Andy’s zest for life was abundant and was evident in his joyous creations.”

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"A delicate monkey fur trim around each tier."

RARE 1920’s Silk & Monkey Fur Cape, MUST SEE – $99 (East Village)

I have this really beautiful 1920’s Silk and monkey fur cape.

It has multiple tiers of silk cascading around the entire cape, with a delicate monkey fur trim around each tier.

It has a lining of 100% silk also.

Considering its age it’s in quite good condition, with some minimal marks that aren’t noticeable when worn.

This looks very dramatic when worn and would be a great addition to any vintage clothing collection.

31″ long, one size fits all (0-16)

Asking $99 which is MUCH less than what I bought it for. This is a steal!

In 1972, scientist and Polaroid co-founder Dr. Edwin H. Land released the SX-70 collapsible instant camera, which featured a new type of self-developing film that required nothing of a photographer beyond a point and a click. In the October 27 issue of Life that year, Land unveiled his new invention and opined on the nature of creativity. In his description of the birth of the first Polaroid camera in the 1940s, he offers a pretty great explanation about the creative process in general. An excerpt:

Many people are creative but use their competence in ways so trivial that it takes them nowhere. Their kind of creativity is not cumulative. True creativity is characterized by a succession of acts each depending on the one before and suggesting the one after. This kind  of cumulative creativity led to the development of Polaroid photography.

One day when we were vacationing in Santa Fe in 1943 my daughter, Jennifer, who was then 3, asked me why she could not see the picture we had just taken of her. As I walked around that charming town, I undertook the task of solving the puzzle she had set for me.

Within the hour, the camera, the film and the physical chemistry became so clear that with a great sense of excitement I hurried to the place where a friend was staying, to describe to him in detail a dry camera which would give a picture immediately after exposure. In my mind it was so real that I spent several hours on this description.

Four years later we demonstrated the working system to the Optical Society of America. All that we at Polaroid had learned about making polarizers and plastics, and the properties of the viscous liquids, and the preparation of the microscopic crystals smaller than the wavelengths of light was preparation for that day in which I suddenly knew how to make a one-step photographic process. I learned enough about what would work in different fields to be able to design the camera and film in the space of that walk.•

___________________________

In 1970, Edwin H. Land gave a tour of the Polaroid company.

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1931 poster advertising Green Bay Packers vs. Providence Steam Rollers.

The Green Bay Packers, headed to the Super Bowl, are the only non-profit, publicly owned major-league American sports team. In a post for the New Yorker‘s News Desk blog, Dave Zirin explains how this unique arrangement came to be. An excerpt:

“In 1923, the Packers were just another hardscrabble team on the brink of bankruptcy. Rather than fold they decided to sell shares to the community, with fans each throwing down a couple of dollars to keep the team afloat. That humble frozen seed has since blossomed into a situation wherein more than a hundred thousand stockholders own more than four million shares of a perennial playoff contender. Those holding Packers stock are limited to no more than two hundred thousand shares, keeping any individual from gaining control over the club. Shareholders receive no dividend check and no free tickets to Lambeau Field. They don’t even get a foam cheesehead. All they get is a piece of paper that says they are part-owners of the Green Bay Packers. They don’t even get a green and gold frame for display purposes.”

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"He was universally advised to take the boy at once to Paris and place him under the advisement of Pasteur."

Legendary French chemist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur treated his first human patient for rabies, or “hydrophobia,” in 1885 after testing his vaccine on fewer than ten dogs. It was a bold move that proved successful in defeating what had been a killer virus. But his treatment hadn’t yet become widespread in the U.S. by the following year when four people were bitten by a rabid dog in Chicago. The only answer was to send them to France and Dr. Pasteur for treatment. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported the story on April 28, 1886. An excerpt:

“A big white dog, mad with rabies, appeared on Fulton street, in Pullman, yesterday afternoon. He was heated, but his tongue did not protrude. His jaws were covered with thick foam. The dog went along the street quietly until opposite the house of Al Klingel, a railroad switchman. There the brute turned, dashed across the street, seized Johnnie Klingel, aged 8, by the cheek. The animal then started down the street and meeting a little boy named Connors bit him severely in the hand. Then the dog retraced his way on the street, attacking everything that confronted him, but never turning aside. Meeting another boy, he seized him by the seat of the trousers and nearly tore the garment from the lad, but his teeth did not touch the flesh. A moment later an adventurous dog tried to make the acquaintance of his mad brother. A short fight ensued and the mad dog proceeded. Within a block he attacked another dog and sent the unfortunate away howling. By this time the street was aroused and Police Officer Kane and Cassenbrot pursued the dog to Kensington, where he ran into a saloon.

The officers took refuge on a card table and tried to shoot the dog but failed. The dog escaped from the saloon, followed by the officers. In the street a bold boy attacked the dog with a ball bat. He gave the animal one blow and then climbed the fence. Here the policeman overtook the brute, and Officer Kane fired. The ball struck in back of the dog’s head and he fell. Kane approached him and fired another ball into the dog’s body, thinking to make the killing sure, but the animal struggled up and attempted to escape. Again Kane fired, the shot breaking the dog’s leg. He fell, but once got to his feet and rushed upon Officer Cassenbrot. With a savage crunch he set his teeth in the man’s wrist, lacerating it terribly. Yelling like mad the officer shook him off, and as the dog gathered himself for another attack. Officer Kane fired a bullet into the brute’s mouth by killing him. A search was made for the two dogs bitten by the mad one. They were found and killed. Physicians were at once called to attend the two boys who were bitten. Their wounds were burned with caustic, but the physicians gave no hope of preventing hydrophobia. It was soon learned that the mad dog had been in Wildwood last Saturday. On that day he bit Percy Perkins, son of the Superintendent of the Pullman Iron and Steel Works. The boy is 12 years old. He was bitten on the end of the finger, and yesterday his hand and arm were much swollen and he was suffering great pain.

Mr. Perkins consulted with several physicians yesterday and he was universally advised to take the boy at once to Paris and place him under the advisement of Pasteur. Acting under this advice he made arrangements to start the boy with his mother for Paris to-day. The sympathy expressed in the village last night resulted in the circulation of a subscription paper to raise sufficient funds to send all the bitten children to Paris. A considerable amount of money was subscribed. Mr. Perkins had decided not to send his boy away until this evening, and it is probable the three wounded children will go together. Officer Cassenbrot’s wound is the most severe of any. What treatment he will receive has not been determined upon.”

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Footage of the old-school MacLevy Slenderizing Salon health-club chain for women. An excerpt from “Machines Attack the Solid Flesh,” a deeply insulting 1940
Life article about the gyms:

“These pictures were not taken in the torture chamber of a medieval dungeon. They were taken in one of the 200 MacLevy ‘slenderizing salons’ in the U.S. Here massive machines of steel, heavy coil springs and wooden rollers now replace masseuse’s hands in rubbing the fat from lazy female bodies.

To demonstrate these reducing machines Life picked pretty model Pat Ogden, who is placidly letting herself be electrically rolled in the Slendro Massager. With many other New York models, Pat goes to a salon occasionally to keep her figure trim.

Along with Pat, Life sent its fattest researcher to play guinea pig for fat Life readers. She found the machines pleasant and generally painless. The Slendro Massager made her fell ‘like a piece of dough being rolled,’ but like a biscuit she felt no pain. ‘This is like a silent movie where you see yourself being spanked and await with dread the stinging of pain which never arrives,’ she reported.”

"With shoulder straps." (Image by Mykl Roventine.)

Hot Dog Cooker with Shoulder Straps – $50 (Midtown)

I’d like to start selling hot dogs and a hot dog cooker is the first step! I don’t care if it’s gas or electric. I can pick it up anywhere, even Jersey.

Also, I’d take any Jets crap you want to get rid of since they lost.

"Books of the coming century will all be printed leaves of nickel, so light to hold that the reader can enjoy a small library in a single volume."

A fun post on John Boitnott’s blog recalls predictions for 2011 that Thomas Edison made 100 years ago. He was asked to prognosticate about the future on June 23, 1911 by the Miami Metropolis. Some hits, some misses, of course. (Thanks Reddit.) An excerpt:

Already, Mr. Edison tells us, the steam engine is emitting its last gasps. A century hence it will be as remote as antiquity as the lumbering coach of Tudor days, which took a week to travel from Yorkshire to London. In the year 2011 such railway trains as survive will be driven at incredible speed by electricity (which will also be the motive force of all the world’s machinery), generated by ‘hydraulic’ wheels.

But the traveler of the future, says a writer in Answers, will largely scorn such earth crawling. He will fly through the air, swifter than any swallow, at a speed of two hundred miles an hour, in colossal machines, which will enable him to breakfast in London, transact business in Paris and eat his luncheon in Cheapside.”

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A friction match, invented by John Walker, was originally called a "lucifer match." (Image by Sebastian Ritter.)

  • The first horse railroad was built in 1826-27.
  • The first lucifer match was made in 1829.
  • The first iron steamship was built in 1830.
  • The first steel pen was made in 1830.
  • Omnibuses were introduced in New York in 1830.

(Taken fron the 1893 Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac. Some dates seem questionable.)

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“Once we have computer outlets in every home, each of them hooked up to enormous libraries, where anyone can ask any question…everyone will enjoy learning.”

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"Woolworth tower in clouds, New York City," is credited to Fairchild Aerial Surveys.

This gorgeous 1928 aerial image of the peak of the Woolworth Building provides an unusual perspective of what was the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1913, soaring to 792 feet. Paid for with cash by discount king Frank W. Woolworth for what was then a staggering sum of $13 million, the landmarked building’s grandeur outlived the stores that financed its construction, as five-and-dimes were replaced by big-boxes. A few excerpts about the Woolworth Tower from a post on New York Architecture Images.

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Frank W. Woolworth, the five-and-dime store king, commissioned architect Cass Gilbert to design a Gothic-style skyscraper on a full-block front on Broadway between Park Place and Barclay Street. When the building was erected it rose across the street from the main downtown Post Office by Alfred Mullett. This massive mansarded structure of 1875 was later demolished and the site reclaimed as part of City Hall Park. Woolworth wanted his building to become the tallest in New York, and in the world, which meant that it needed to rise more than 700 feet– the height of the Metropolitan Life Tower. As the height escalated from a projected 625 feet to 792 feet, the cost grew from an estimated $5 million to the final cost of $13.5 million. Extensive foundations and wind bracing necessary for the tall tower as well as the ornate terra-cotta cladding and sumptuous interior fittings both inflated costs and created one of the masterpieces of early skyscraper design.

••••••••••

The sumptuous lobby features marble, fine mosaics and a rich program of sculpture, including brackets with medieval-style caricatures, including Mr. Woolworth counting his dimes and Gilbert cradling a model of the building. Allegorical murals of Commerce and Labor and ceiling vaults accented with thousands of gold tesserae make the lobby seem like a church. Indeed, the gothic tower was nicknamed ‘The Cathedral of Commerce.’

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Mr. Woolworth financed the skyscraper in cash, which was unusual for a project of this size and cost, and he noted that the tower would be a valuable generator of publicity for the company. Still, through the 1910s, the Woolworth Company only occupied one and a half stories of the building. The rest of the building was occupied by more than 1,000 tenants. For most of the twentieth century the building never had a mortgage — something almost unheard of for such a large commercial structure. In 1998 the Woolworth Company’s successor, the Venator Group, sold the tower for $155 million: this was the first time the property changed hands in its 85-year history.

A more conventional view of the Woolworth Building. (Image by Jonathan71.)

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Architect Gary Chang transforms his micro-apartment in Hong Kong so that it can quickly become 24 different rooms. Meanwhile, I’ve been planning to tighten the towel rack in my bathroom for seven weeks.

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"Pezon, the great French lion tamer, owed his success to the use of electricity in taming his beasts."

Not everyone in fin de siècle France had the best of sense when it came to behavior within a lion cage. Great lion tamer Jean-Baptiste Pezon had his wits about him, but others were not so wise. That’s proven in three short articles that follow, which were published in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle between 1892 and 1900.

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“Lion Attacks Man” (October 4, 1900): “There was a serious accident to-day in the menagerie of the country fair near Privas, in the Department of Ardeche. A large audience gathered to witness a local butcher enter the lion’s cage, play a game of cards with the lion tamer and drink a bottle of champagne. The performance was successful until the butcher foolishly and without warning the trainer, approached the lion and held a glass of champagne under his nose, whereupon the lion bounded upon the butcher, ground his shoulder within his jaws and mauled his body dreadfully.

When the butcher was removed he was almost dead. In the meanwhile the audience was panic stricken, and in the stampede to escape from the menagerie many persons were trampled upon and badly injured.”

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“He Was Awake: A Lion Would Not Submit to Hypnotism” (November 30, 1892): “A Miss Sterling entered the lion’s cage at Bezier’s last evening, accompanied by the lion tamer, a professor of hypnotism having already attempted to hypnotize the fierce animals. In the case of one of them, however, he seems not to have been successful, as no sooner was Miss Sterling well within the cage when the powerful brute threw himself upon her and terribly lacerated her limbs. She was barely saved from being torn to pieces by the prompt interference of the lion tamer, who courageously attacked the animal and thus gave the wounded woman time to crawl out of the cage.”

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“Electric Lion Taming” (March 20, 1898): “Pezon, the great French lion tamer, owed his success to the use of electricity in taming his beasts. When a wild lion or tiger was to be tamed live wires were first rigged up in the cage between the tamer and the animal. After a time Pezon would turn his back, and the wild creature would invariably make a leap at him, but encountering the charged wires would receive a paralyzing shock sufficient to terrorize it forever.”

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