Urban Studies

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I love cities, the more populous the better. More opportunities, less repetition. Or at least the repetition is more anonymous and not quite as galling for that fact. But I doubt even those souls who prefer sprawl will ever live beneath the sea, though some cling fast to such fantasies. From “The Long Ongoing Dream Of Underwater Sea Colonies,” Ben Hellwarth’s new Discover article about waterworlds:

“Finally there is Dennis Chamberland, a NASA engineer who has been trumpeting the cause of aquatic habitats for years. Chamberland leads a private effort to build a prototype underwater community. Though he prefers not to discuss the details with members of the press, his sci-fi-sounding effort, Atlantica Expeditions, calls for a true undersea colony, where ‘families live and work’ and ‘children go to school.’ He says his vision of a high-tech cluster of habitats would deliver ‘a new ocean civilization whose most important purpose will be to continuously monitor and protect the global ocean environment.’

Chamberland’s first expedition, Atlantica 1, planned for the summer of 2014, aims to send three aquanauts on a 100-day underwater mission, longer than any yet recorded, to test ‘systems intended for permanent human residence of the undersea world.’ But most important, he is designing his habitats so they will not require compression diving. ‘Just like a moon base, the permanent facilities of the new world of Aquatica will have a constant, safe, close to Earth-normal living environment with lockout access to the remote and extreme external environment,’ he says. ‘It is a preeminent paradigm shift that allows the frontier to be opened where it was not practical before.'”

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The sharp-edged critic Robert Hughes, who just passed away, was no fan of network news, though he lived to see it pass into obsolescence. Here’s his 1995 New York Review of Books critique of its role in the capitalist continuum:

“Television is not, to put it mildly, an art of conceptual memory. Its images are always displacing themselves. It must therefore pump up each one’s vividness to keep the millions watching. Cut out more connective tissue, make each bright pop-up image brighter still. The audience’s revenge is selective inattention. The viewer is amazingly adroit at channel surfing, zapping past a channel whose product is judged in two seconds to be boring. Knowing this, the network must make the next product more vivid still… and so it goes, in a descending curve of simplification. As Lewis Lapham points out in his introduction to a new edition of Marshall McLuhan’s Understanding Media, McLuhan recognized thirty years ago that the relation between abbreviated news and the consoling icon of advertisement is as fixed and, so to speak, as theologically necessary as the ancient relationship of hell and heaven. We are given our glimpses of scandal and disaster: corpses in Bosnia, the burned-out crack house in New York, the assassination in Mexico City. The bad news sells the good news: the smiling anchor, more real than the world outside, and the ads, which are Eden. The core message, in the end, is that the world may be a strange, violent, and horrible place, but products keep it away, as garlic repels vampires. Hence the sense of reality-shortage that accompanies image-glut.”

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An interesting footnote to history regarding the Apollo 13 mission, via an Ask Me Anything on Reddit with a 97-year-old veteran of our space program.

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Question:

What do you remember about Apollo 13? Did you think they would make it back? 

Answer:

No. But they did. Jim Lovell and Tom Hanks visited here in Washington after the movie was made, and I met up with Jim Lovell again. As it happens, Jim Lovell was President of the National Eagle Scout Association, and we met at the National Press Club because they were promoting the movie. Jim recognized me from NASA. I told him that I hadn’t slept for about seven days while he was coming back.

All the engineers and everybody else at NASA in Houston were working hard at recovering the moonshot, and they were in real trouble, weren’t sure they could get it back. They got a phone call from a grad student at MIT who said he knew how to get them back. They put engineers on it, tested it out, by God it worked. Slingshotting them around the moon. They successfully did. They wanted to present the grad student to the President and the public, but they found him and he was a real hippy type – long hair and facial hair. NASA was straight-laced, and this was different than they expected, so they withdrew the invitation to the student. I think that is a disgrace.

Question:

That makes me really sad that they treated him that way. What was the student’s name?

Answer:

He was actually hesitant to share this story because it made NASA look bad to have the kid be so unknown.•

The Asch Conformity Experiments, first published in the 1950s, tried to prove that humans would be persuaded to group opinion even if it was obviously wrong. Is the impulse a weakness of mind or an evolutionary tool for survival?

Call Me May Be? (Queens)

My name is Hyder and I like to prank call people and harass them. Won’t you call me and do the same please?

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From the January 16, 1880 Brooklyn Daily Eagle:

“A young man in Bellevue Hospital, this city, is undergoing treatment for grafting his middle left hand finger to the spot where his nose used to be, with the intention of eventually amputating the finger and transforming it into a nose. He lies in the new surgical ward, with his hand immovably fixed to his face.”

B.F. Skinner, who spent more time with birds than Colonel Sanders, argues against free will as we normally define it.

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From a paper about self-replicating high-tech hardware, or “Affordable Bootstrapping,” which could be employed in outer space to dramatically reduce the cost of interstellar nation-building, a segment about the first several decades of this potential operation:

“The first hardware sent to the Moon will be high-tech equipment built on Earth. However, the high launch costs demand that it be mass-limited so it will have insufficient manufacturing capability to replicate itself. It will construct a set of crude hardware made out of poor materials, so the second generation is actually more primitive and inefficient than the first. The goal from that point is to initiate a spiral of technological advancement until the Moon achieves its own mature capabilities like Earth’s. This evolving approach will provide several benefits. First, industry on the Moon can develop differently than on Earth. The environment, the manufacturing materials, the operators (robots versus humans), and the products and target markets are all different. Allowing it some reasonable time to develop will allow it to evolve an appropriate set of technologies and methods that naturally fit these differences. Second, the evolving approach supports the development of automation so that industry can then spread far beyond the Moon. The technological spiral will develop the robotic ‘workers’ in parallel with the factories. It will also improve automated manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing. The third and probably most important benefit is the economic one. As we show here, a space economy can grow very rapidly, and it will quickly require massive amounts of electronics and robotics unless there is full closure. The tiny computer chips alone become too expensive to launch within a few decades as the industry grows exponentially, and therefore we will quickly need lithography machines on the Moon to make the computer chips. The evolving approach sends only a small and primitive set of machines as ‘colonists,’ and the nascent lunar industry develops over time – but still rapidly – toward the full sophistication that Earth cannot afford to launch. This may seem too far reaching to a reader first exposed to the idea, but the key is the on-going rapid advancement in robotics. After robotic dexterity, machine vision, and autonomy improve for another couple of decades, robots will build lithography machines on the Moon as easily as human workers build them on Earth. This future is not far away, considering the exponential rate of technology development in terrestrial industries. Robotics experts are optimistic that the necessary levels of automation will be developed quickly enough to support the timeline we present here (Moravec, 2003).

So the objective is for the first robotic ‘colonists’ on the Moon to fabricate a set of, say, 1700’s-era machines and then to advance them steadily through the equivalent of the 1800’s, 1900’s, and finally back into the 2000’s. We argue that this can be accomplished in just a few decades.” (Thanks Next Big Future.)

President Kennedy kept his pants zipped long enough to give this press conference 50 years ago, the first one ever beamed by a satellite.

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Economists Tyler Cowen (who has read more more books than all of us combined) and Kevin Grier have a smart article at Grantland that reveals how countries can improve their odds of earning medals at the Olympics. An excerpt about the divergent performances of China and India, two countries with similarly huge talent pools:

“Will China and India, the two countries with populations over 1 billion, dominate the Olympics of the future, especially as they become wealthier?

To date, their Olympic performances are almost polar opposites. China has become an Olympic powerhouse while India has underperformed. From 1960 to 2000, China won 80 gold medals, while India won only two. Over those 11 Olympiads, India only won eight total medals while China won over 200. While China has grown faster and is richer than India, the difference in wealth can’t begin to account for the chasm between their Olympic results.

In their book Poor Economics, MIT economists Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo attribute India’s dismal Olympic performance at least partly to very poor child nutrition. They document that rates of severe child malnutrition are much higher in India than in sub-Saharan Africa, even though most of sub-Saharan Africa is significantly poorer than India.

Even the significant segment of the Indian population that grows up healthy is at a disadvantage relative to China. The Chinese economic development model has focused on investment in infrastructure; things like massive airports, high-speed rail, hundreds of dams, and, yes, stadiums, world-class swimming pools, and high-tech athletic equipment. And while India is a boisterous democracy, China continues to be ruled by a Communist party, which still remembers the old Cold War days when athletic performance was a strong symbol of a country’s geopolitical clout.”

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A bald eagle who was mascot to Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders met his maker in New York City in 1899 and was promptly stuffed. (One of its contemporaries was recently in the news.) A report about the perished plumage from the June 12 Brooklyn Daily Eagle of that year:

“Teddy, the bald eagle, the mascot of the Roosevelt Rough Riders in their Santiago campaign, died Friday night in his cage in Central Park. He had not been well for two weeks. About four weeks ago twin bald eagles, which came to be known as the Heavenly Twins, were put into the big cage with Teddy and several other eagles. Teddy had demonstrated immediately upon his arrival last fall that he was a king eagle as he started in to whip every bird in the cage which disputed his claim.

When the twins arrived Teddy thought he saw one of them do something that questioned his authority and he had a tussle with the twin. He won but he went at the other a few days later in mistake for the first one. The result was that the twins fought him together and Teddy was fearfully banged about the cage.

When Superintendent Smith saw him that night the Rough Riders’ mascot was woefully disconsolate at the loss of his prestige. He felt he had disgraced his regiment and for two weeks he brooded over the matter. Mr. Smith was sure the eagle’s heart was broken. When Teddy died Friday night, Superintendent Smith was sure of his diagnosis of the case and he sent him to the Museum of Natural History to have an autopsy performed.

The bird surgeons performed the operation and rendered a verdict of death from consumption. Teddy is now on exhibition as a stuffed specimen of bald eagle in the American Museum of Natural History.”

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Merv Griffin and Salvador Dali doing what they did. From 1965.

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I recently posted something about the South Korean insta-city, Songdo, billed as the world’s first “smart city,” which will be embedded with technology that will constantly collect and respond to streams of data. In “The Machine and the Ghost” in the New Republic. Christine Rosen begins her excellent consideration of the rise of the machines with a description of Songdo:

“JUST WEST OF SEOUL, on a man-made island in the Yellow Sea, a city is rising. Slated for completion by 2015, Songdo has been meticulously planned by engineers and architects and lavishly financed by money from the American real estate company Gale International and the investment bank Morgan Stanley. According to the head of Cisco Systems, which has partnered with Gale International to supply the telecommunications infrastructure, Songdo will ‘run on information.’ It will be the world’s first ‘smart city.’

The city of Songdo claims intelligence not from its inhabitants, but from the millions of wireless sensors and microcomputers embedded in surfaces and objects throughout the metropolis. ‘Smart’ appliances installed in every home send a constant stream of data to the city’s ‘smart grid’ that monitors energy use. Radio frequency ID tags on every car send signals to sensors in the road that measure traffic flow; cameras on every street scrutinize people’s movements so the city’s street lights can be adjusted to suit pedestrian traffic flow. Information flows to the city’s ‘control hub’ that assesses everything from the weather (to prepare for peak energy use) to the precise number of people congregating on a particular corner.

Songdo will also feature ‘TelePresence,’ the Cisco-designed system that will place video screens in every home, office, and on city streets so residents can make video calls to anyone at any time. ‘If you want to talk to your neighbors or book a table at a restaurant you can do it via TelePresence,’ Cisco chief globalization officer Wim Elfrink told Fast Company magazine. Gale International plans to replicate Songdo across the world; another consortium of technology companies is already at work on a similar metropolis, PlanIT Valley, in Portugal.

The unstated but evident goal of these new urban planners is to run the complicated infrastructure of a city with as little human intervention as possible. In the twenty-first century, in cities such as Songdo, machine politics will have a literal meaning—our interactions with the people and objects around us will be turned into data that computers in a control hub, not flesh-and-blood politicians, will analyze.

But buried in Songdo’s millions of sensors is more than the promise of monitoring energy use or traffic flow. The city’s ‘Ambient Intelligence,’ as it is called, is the latest iteration of a ubiquitous computing revolution many years in the making, one that hopes to include the human body among its regulated machines.”

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I caught this promo recently while watching ESPN Classics. It took about three seconds before it was clear that it was directed by Errol Morris.

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“I smell terrible all the time.”

Great barter need someone – $1 (Bk)

Have someone staying in your home and you want out? Well today’s the day. See I smell terrible all the time. Have me around for a bit and they are sure to want to leave. Really this will work. I want in return iPads laptops cash gold cash. Email for more info.

Merv Griffin and Tallulah Bankhead interviewing Willie Mays in 1966. These three were inseparable.

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Look magazine was sort of the weirder sibling of Life. It was known, yes, for its Stanley Kubrick photos and Emmett Till reportage, but also for shock journalism about head transplantations and underground saucer-shaped airplanes. One such piece of sensationalism was Walter White’s heartbreaking 1949 article,Has Science Conquered the Color Line?

A modest proposal along the lines of Jonathan Swift but not intended as satire, the piece suggested that a new skin-lightening technique which was close to being perfected would allow people of color to “become” white and avoid prejudice. The author wasn’t any sort of racist; a former head of the NAACP and of mixed race, he was very light-skinned and able to pass in either world. He was just tired of racism and wanted to see it all end by any means necessary, even in this remarkably ill-conceived and self-loathing way. The piece, unsurprisingly, caused a furor, despite being published a couple of decades before anyone in America was saying the obvious aloud–that Black is beautiful. But it did speak to the the level of race relations during the “good old days.” An excerpt:

“Consider what would happen if a means of racial transformation is made available at a reasonable cost. The racial, social, economic and political consequences would be tremendous.

Some three years ago I wrote an article, quite innocent that my words might prove prophetic. I said:

‘Suppose the skin of every Negro in America were suddenly to turn white. What would happen to all the notions about Negroes, the idols on which are built race prejudice and race hatred? Would not Negroes then be judged individually on their ability, energy, honesty, cleanliness as are whites? How else could they be judged?’

Now that science is near making such a dream a reality, it’s time to consider the questions raised more seriously than ever.”

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“Kofee.” (Image by Ricardo Stuckert/ABr.)

This life is a fluid thing, as precise meaning is chased by algorithms, with no print books in sight. From a new NYT piece about the art of the auto-correct by information heavyweight James Gleick:

“When Autocorrect can reach out from the local device or computer to the cloud, the algorithms get much, much smarter. I consulted Mark Paskin, a longtime software engineer on Google’s search team. Where a mobile phone can check typing against a modest dictionary of words and corrections, Google uses no dictionary at all. ‘

A dictionary can be more of a liability than you might expect,’ Mr. Paskin says. ‘Dictionaries have a lot of trouble keeping up with the real world, right?’ Instead Google has access to a decent subset of all the words people type — ‘a constantly evolving list of words and phrases,’ he says; ‘the parlance of our times.’

If you type ‘kofee’ into a search box, Google would like to save a few milliseconds by guessing whether you’ve misspelled the caffeinated beverage or the former United Nations secretary-general. It uses a probabilistic algorithm with roots in work done at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the early 1990s. The probabilities are based on a ‘noisy channel’ model, a fundamental concept of information theory. The model envisions a message source — an idealized user with clear intentions — passing through a noisy channel that introduces typos by omitting letters, reversing letters or inserting letters.

‘We’re trying to find the most likely intended word, given the word that we see,’ Mr. Paskin says. ‘Coffee’ is a fairly common word, so with the vast corpus of text the algorithm can assign it a far higher probability than ‘Kofi.’ On the other hand, the data show that spelling ‘coffee’ with a K is a relatively low-probability error. The algorithm combines these probabilities. It also learns from experience and gathers further clues from the context.”

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Andy Warhol refuses to speak during an appearance on Merv Griffin’s talk show in 1965. How healthy Edie Sedgwick looks.

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From the September 12, 1896 Brooklyn Daily Eagle:

“Julius Caesar Gotlieb, the young law student who is a patient in Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, dying from nose bleed, was still alive at noon to-day.”

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According to a new MIT study, JFK and LAX are the two American airports of most concern to epidemiologists, but not because the quantity of passengers. From Rachel Ehrenberg at Science News:

An infectious disease that really wants to go global would do well boarding planes at JFK or LAX, according to a new computer simulation that ranks U.S. airports by their potential to kick-start an epidemic. 

The simulation could help public health officials decide how and where to allocate resources such as vaccinations in the early days of an outbreak, says Ruben Juanes of MIT, who describes the analysis online July 19 in PLOS ONE.

Many simulations of how epidemics spread focus on the final outcome, such as how many people would ultimately be infected. This new work is mostly concerned with how the location of an initial outbreak affects the subsequent pandemic, says complex systems scientist Dirk Brockmann of Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill.

Surprisingly, the total number of passengers moving through an airport isn’t the deciding factor. By that measure, Atlanta’s airport — the busiest in the country — would be ideal for spreading germs. What’s key is how connected the airport is to other well-connected airports.

‘You are a good spreader if your neighbors are good spreaders,’ Juanes says. ‘That’s what’s really essential.'”

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At the Verge, Joshua Kopstein interviews sci-fi author Neal Stephenson about what is to come. An excerpt about self-fulfilling prophecies, which can lead to Manifest Destiny or paralysis by analysis:

“Stephenson noted the cultural changes that have occurred since sci-fi’s ‘golden age’ in the 1950’s, when radio, computers, and nuclear power inspired our outlook on the future. ‘Since then, everything kind of looks the same,’ he said. ‘The cars look different, but they’re still cars … The space program tanked, and a lot of stuff just didn’t happen the way we were expecting.’

But in the grim sci-fi narratives that followed those disappointments, Stephenson wonders how deeply the dystopian abyss stares back into us. ‘If all of our depictions of the future are incredibly depressing, it doesn’t give us a hell of a lot of incentive to go out and build a future,’ he said. ‘It kind of gives us an incentive to do the opposite.'”

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“Cleans up nicely.'”

Do You Have a Knack for Connecting with Strangers? (Manhattan/Brooklyn)

Thirty-something white guy, decent looking, cleans up nicely, can string a sentence together without using the words “duh,” “dude” or “hooters” excessively, looking for a cool woman to hang out with some evenings and weekend days, who can be my “wingwoman” — i.e., “break the ice” with other women and facilitate an introduction.

If you make friends easily and are always striking up conversations with strangers, then this would be a great part-time gig for you!

You must be outgoing and charming, but you will NOT have to do all the talking or all the work.

If you’re interested, please tell me about yourself (more rather than less, please!) and include a photo.

Compensation: $10 per phone number I get. (Once you make the introduction, trust me, if I like the woman, I can get the number.) I figure that, depending on the venue, in an hour you can make $40 or more – no limit!!!

NOTE: I’m not looking for you to be my girlfriend OR my sexual partner. This is strictly on the “up and up.” And we’ll only meet in public places. Thanks!

Like a lot of super-intelligent, self-satisfied people, Gore Vidal could never shut the fuck up and was often wrong. He was a fascinating character and a master showman, but he seemed to exist mostly to hear his own voice and flatter himself. There was some greatness along the way, but I doubt one word he wrote or uttered will ever effect the world in any meaningful way. I know that’s a high threshold by which to rate a writer, but I think such self-importance demands an important contribution. Yes, I mourn the absence of public intellectuals in America, but that realm had its limitations.

Because CBS is still living in the distant technological past, I’m unable to embed the video of Mike Wallace conducting a 1975 60 Minutes interview with Vidal, whom he astutely described as an “intellectual vaudevillian.” But go here to watch it.

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“He began the capture and preservation in a state of nature of the tarantula itself.”

Philadelphia was aiming to corner the snake market in the late 1800s, but Los Angeles was a proud leader in the tarantula trade. A story about the latter business activity from the September 10, 1882 Brooklyn Daily Eagle:

Los Angeles, Cal.–One of the curious developments of trade in Southern California is the traffic in tarantulas and their nests. It is an entirely new avenue of trade, and to Master Leo Fleishman seems to belong the honor of discovery and development.

He began a short time since to gather their curious and ingeniously contrived nests for the relic hunters and curiosity seekers, and as the trade increased he began the capture and preservation in a state of nature of the tarantula itself, which is done by injecting into the animal arsenic in considerable quantities. This has the effect of preserving tarantulas and destroying all its poison, and it may be handed with perfect impunity after such treatment.

In certain localities these insects are quite numerous, and the industrious hunter will sometimes capture two dozen in a day, and these, when prepared and nicely mounted, bring $8 per dozen. Mr. Fleishman has just filled an order for two dozen for the Denver exposition, now in session. He also has orders from Chicago, St. Louis and other Eastern cities, and several consignments have been sent to London.”

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